Les pollutions de l'eau peuvent se présenter sous différentes formes, notamment chimique, mais aussi bactériologique ou thermique ; les eaux ou masses d'eau concernées peuvent être douces, saumâtres ou salées, souterraines ou de surface. Il peut même s'agir de la pluie ou des rosées, de neige ou de glaces polaires. La pollution de l'eau peut aussi concerner des interfaces, comme les estuaires, les zones humides et en particulier leurs sédiments qui peuvent absorber1 puis relâcher certains polluants. Les sédiments peuvent être fortement pollués et conserver les traces de pollutions anciennes (on y trouve parfois aussi de nombreux plombs de chasse et de pêche là où ces activités sont pratiquées). La lutte contre cette pollution est d'autant plus difficile que ce qui est au fond de l'eau, ou dilué dans l'eau, est souvent invisible ; que de nombreux polluants agissent en synergies complexes ; et que certains éléments toxiques (par exemple comme le plomb) infiltrés dans le sol, ne produisent souvent leur effet qu'après un long délai. Ainsi un déversement accidentel de 4 000 litres de tétrachlorométhane, survenu près d'Erstein en 1970 et passé presque inaperçu à l'époque, entraîna vingt ans plus tard une contamination de la nappe phréatique et d'un puits creusé sept kilomètres en aval. Les nitrates peuvent n'atteindre certaines nappes qu'après plusieurs décennies.

Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities, so that it negatively affects its uses.[1]: 6  Water bodies include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into these water bodies. Water pollution can be attributed to one of four sources: sewage discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including stormwater.[2] It can be grouped into surface water pollution (either fresh water pollution or marine pollution) or groundwater pollution. For example, releasing inadequately treated wastewater into natural waters can lead to degradation of these aquatic ecosystems. Water pollution can also lead to water-borne diseases for people using polluted water for drinking, bathing, washing or irrigation.[3] Water pollution reduces the ability of the body of water to provide the ecosystem services (such as drinking water) that it would otherwise provide.

Sources of water pollution are either point sources or non-point sources. Point sources have one identifiable cause, such as a storm drain, a wastewater treatment plant or an oil spill. Non-point sources are more diffuse, such as agricultural runoff.[4] Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time. Pollution may take the form of toxic substances (e.g., oil, metals, plastics, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, industrial waste products), stressful conditions (e.g., changes of pH, hypoxia or anoxia, increased temperatures, excessive turbidity, unpleasant taste or odor, and changes of salinity), or pathogenic organisms. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Heat can also be a pollutant, and this is called thermal pollution. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers.

Control of water pollution requires appropriate infrastructure and management plans as well as legislation. Technology solutions can include improving sanitation, sewage treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, agricultural wastewater treatment, erosion control, sediment control and control of urban runoff (including stormwater management). Effective control of urban runoff includes reducing speed and quantity of flow.